Bibliography





Van Allen Probes Bibliography is from August 2012 through September 2021

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Found 32 entries in the Bibliography.


Showing entries from 1 through 32


2020

A Short-lived Three-Belt Structure for sub-MeV Electrons in the Van Allen Belts: Time Scale and Energy Dependence

In this study we focus on the radiation belt dynamics driven by the geomagnetic storms during September 2017. Besides the long-lasting three-belt structures of ultrarelativistic electrons (>2 MeV, existing for tens of days), which has been studied intensively during the Van Allen Probe era, it is found that magnetospheric electrons of hundreds of keVs can also have three-belt structures at similar L extent during storm time. Measurements of 500–800 keV electrons from MagEIS instrument onboard Van Allen Probes show double- ...

Hao, Y.; Zong, Q.-G.; Zhou, X.-Z.; Zou, H.; Rankin, R.; Sun, Y.; Chen, X.; Liu, Y.; Fu, S; Baker, D.; Spence, H.; Blake, J.; Reeves, G.; Claudepierre, S.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 07/2020

YEAR: 2020     DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028031

storage ring; three-belt structure; hiss wave; electron lifetime; Radial Transport; Van Allen Probes

Evolutions of equatorial ring current ions during a magnetic storm

In this paper, we present evolutions of the phase space density (PSD) spectra of ring current (RC) ions based on observations made by Van Allen Probe B during a geomagnetic storm on 23–24 August 2016. By analyzing PSD spectra ratios from the initial phase to the main phase of the storm, we find that during the main phase, RC ions with low magnetic moment μ values can penetrate deeper into the magnetosphere than can those with high μ values, and that the μ range of PSD enhancement meets the relationship: S(O+) > S(He+) > ...

Huang, Zheng; Yuan, Zhigang; Yu, Xiongdong;

Published by: Earth and Planetary Physics      Published on: 03/2020

YEAR: 2020     DOI: 10.26464/epp2020019

ULF waves; ring current; wave-particle interactions; Radial Transport; Geomagnetic storm; Decay rates; Van Allen Probes

2018

Modeling the Depletion and Recovery of the Outer Radiation Belt During a Geomagnetic Storm: Combined MHD and Test Particle Simulations

During geomagnetic storms the intensities of the outer radiation belt electron population can exhibit dramatic variability. Deep depletions in intensity during the main phase are followed by increases during the recovery phase, often to levels that significantly exceed their pre-storm values. To study these processes, we simulate the evolution of the outer radiation belt during the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm using our newly-developed radiation belt model (CHIMP) based on test particle and coupled 3D ring current and glo ...

Sorathia, K.; Ukhorskiy, A; Merkin, V.; Fennell, J.; Claudepierre, S.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 06/2018

YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1029/2018JA025506

dropout; Geomagnetic storms; magnetopause loss; Radial Transport; Radiation belt; Van Allen Probes

Radiation belt \textquotedblleftdropouts\textquotedblright and drift-bounce resonances in broadband electromagnetic waves

Observations during the main phase of geomagnetic storms reveal an anti-correlation between the occurrence of broadband low frequency electromagnetic waves and outer radiation belt electron flux. We show that the drift-bounce motion of electrons in the magnetic field of these waves leads to rapid electron transport. For observed spectral energy densities it is demonstrated that the wave magnetic field can drive radial diffusion via drift-bounce resonance on timescales less than a drift orbit. This process may provide outward ...

Chaston, C.; Bonnell, J.; Wygant, J.; Reeves, G.; Baker, D.; Melrose, D.;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 02/2018

YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1002/2017GL076362

Alfven waves; Geomagnetic storms; Radial Transport; Radiation belts; Van Allen Probes

2015

Global Storm-Time Depletion of the Outer Electron Belt

The outer radiation belt consists of relativistic (>0.5 MeV) electrons trapped on closed trajectories around Earth where the magnetic field is nearly dipolar. During increased geomagnetic activity, electron intensities in the belt can vary by ordersof magnitude at different spatial and temporal scale. The main phase of geomagnetic storms often produces deep depletions of electron intensities over broad regions of the outer belt. Previous studies identified three possible processes that can contribute to the main-phase deplet ...

Ukhorskiy, A; Sitnov, M.; Millan, R.; Kress, B.; Fennell, J.; Claudepierre, S.; Barnes, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: 03/2015

YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.1002/2014JA020645

dropout; Geomagnetic storms; magnetopause loss; Radial Transport; Radiation belt; ring current; Van Allen Probes

2008

Radial transport in the outer radiation belt due to global magnetospheric compressions

Earth\textquoterights outer radiation belt is populated by relativistic electrons that produce a complex dynamical response to varying geomagnetic activity. One fundamental process defining global state of the belt is radial transport of electrons across their drift shells. Radial transport is induced by resonant interaction of electron drift motion with ULF oscillations of electric and magnetic fields and is commonly believed to be a diffusive process. The goal of this paper is the analysis of radial transport due to typica ...

UKHORSKIY, A; SITNOV, M;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 11/2008

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2008.07.018

Radial Transport

Review of modeling of losses and sources of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt I: Radial transport

In this paper, we focus on the modeling of radial transport in the Earth\textquoterights outer radiation belt. A historical overview of the first observations of the radiation belts is presented, followed by a brief description of radial diffusion. We describe how resonant interactions with poloidal and toroidal components of the ULF waves can change the electron\textquoterights energy and provide radial displacements. We also present radial diffusion and guiding center simulations that show the importance of radial transpor ...

SHPRITS, Y; ELKINGTON, S; MEREDITH, N; SUBBOTIN, D;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: 11/2008

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2008.06.008

Radial Transport

Resonant drift echoes in electron phase space density produced by dayside Pc5 waves following a geomagnetic storm

[1] The interaction between relativistic, equatorially mirroring electrons and Pc5 Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) waves in the magnetosphere is investigated using a numerical MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) model for waves and a test-kinetic model for electron phase space density (PSD). The temporal and spatial characteristics of a ULF wave packet are constrained using ground-based observations of narrowband ULF activity following a geomagnetic storm on 24 March 1991, which occurred from 1200 to 1340 Universal Time (UT). A salient feat ...

Degeling, A.; Rankin, R.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 10/2008

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1029/2008JA013254

Radial Transport

2007

The effect of ULF compressional modes and field line resonances on relativistic electron dynamics

The adiabatic, drift-resonant interaction between relativistic, equatorially mirroring electrons and a ULF compressional wave that couples to a field line resonance (FLR) is modelled. Investigations are focussed on the effect of azimuthal localisation in wave amplitude on the electron dynamics. The ULF wave fields on the equatorial plane (r , φ ) are modelled using a box model [Zhu, X., Kivelson, M.G., 1988. Analytic formulation and quantitative solutions of the coupled ULF wave problem. J. Geophys. Res. 93(A8), 8602\text ...

Degeling, A.; Rankin, R.; Kabin, K.; Marchand, R.; Mann, I.R.;

Published by: Planetary and Space Science      Published on: 04/2007

YEAR: 2007     DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.039

Radial Transport

2006

Radial diffusion and MHD particle simulations of relativistic electron transport by ULF waves in the September 1998 storm

In an MHD particle simulation of the September 1998 magnetic storm the evolution of the radiation belt electron radial flux profile appears to be diffusive, and diffusion caused by ULF waves has been invoked as the probable mechanism. In order to separate adiabatic and nonadiabatic effects and to investigate the radial diffusion mechanism during this storm, in this work we solve a radial diffusion equation with ULF wave diffusion coefficients and a time-dependent outer boundary condition, and the results are compared with th ...

Fei, Yue; Chan, Anthony; Elkington, Scot; Wiltberger, Michael;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 12/2006

YEAR: 2006     DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011211

Radial Transport

Simulating radial diffusion of energetic (MeV) electrons through a model of fluctuating electric and magnetic fields

In the present work, a test particle simulation is performed in a model of analytic Ultra Low Frequency, ULF, perturbations in the electric and magnetic fields of the Earth\textquoterights magnetosphere. The goal of this work is to examine if the radial transport of energetic particles in quiet-time ULF magnetospheric perturbations of various azimuthal mode numbers can be described as a diffusive process and be approximated by theoretically derived radial diffusion coefficients. In the model realistic compressional electroma ...

Sarris, T.; Li, X.; Temerin, M.;

Published by: Annales Geophysicae      Published on: 10/2006

YEAR: 2006     DOI: 10.5194/angeo-24-2583-2006

Radial Transport

A review of ULF interactions with radiation belt electrons

Energetic particle fluxes in the outer zone radiation belts can vary over orders of magnitude on a variety of timescales. Power at ULF frequencies, on the order of a few millihertz, have been associated with changes in flux levels among relativis- tic electrons comprising the outer zone of the radiation belts. Power in this part of the spectrum may occur as a result of a number of processes, including internally- generated waves induced by plasma instabilities, and externally generated processes such as shear instabilities a ...

Elkington, Scot;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI: 10.1029/169GM12

Radial Transport

2005

Impact of toroidal ULF waves on the outer radiation belt electrons

Relativistic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt exhibit highly variable complex behavior. Previous studies have established a strong correlation of electron fluxes and the inner magnetospheric ULF waves in the Pc 3\textendash5 frequency range. Resonant interaction of ULF waves with the drift motion of radiation belt electrons violates their third adiabatic invariant and consequently leads to their radial transport. If the wave-particle interaction has a stochastic character, then the electron transport is diffusive. ...

Ukhorskiy, A; Takahashi, K; Anderson, B.; Korth, H.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 10/2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2005JA011017

Radial Transport

Incorporating spectral characteristics of Pc5 waves into three-dimensional radiation belt modeling and the diffusion of relativistic electrons

The influence of ultralow frequency (ULF) waves in the Pc5 frequency range on radiation belt electrons in a compressed dipole magnetic field is examined. This is the first analysis in three dimensions utilizing model ULF wave electric and magnetic fields on the guiding center trajectories of relativistic electrons. A model is developed, describing magnetic and electric fields associated with poloidal mode Pc5 ULF waves. The frequency and L dependence of the ULF wave power are included in this model by incorporating published ...

Perry, K.; Hudson, M.; Elkington, S.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 03/2005

YEAR: 2005     DOI: 10.1029/2004JA010760

Radial Transport

2004

Time dependent radial diffusion modeling of relativistic electrons with realistic loss rates

Model simulations are compared to the typically observed evolution of MeV electron fluxes during geomagnetic storms to investigate whether radial diffusion alone can account for the observed variability and to estimate the effect of electron lifetimes. We demonstrate that knowledge of lifetimes is crucial for understanding the radial structure of the storm-time radiation belts and their temporal evolution. Our model results suggest that outer zone lifetimes at 1 MeV are on the order of few days during quite-times and less th ...

Shprits, Y; Thorne, R.;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 04/2004

YEAR: 2004     DOI: 10.1029/2004GL019591

Radial Transport

2003

Rebuilding process of the outer radiation belt during the 3 November 1993 magnetic storm: NOAA and Exos-D observations

Using the data from the NOAA and Exos-D satellites during the 3 November 1993 magnetic storm, the dynamic behavior of electrons with energies from a few tens of kiloelectronvolts to a few and its relation to plasma waves were examined. After the late main phase, relativistic electron flux started to recover from the heart of the outer radiation belt, where the cold plasma density was extremely low, and intense whistler mode chorus emissions were detected. The phase space density showed a peak in the outer belt, and the peak ...

Miyoshi, Yoshizumi;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 03/2003

YEAR: 2003     DOI: 10.1029/2001JA007542

Radial Transport

Resonant acceleration and diffusion of outer zone electrons in an asymmetric geomagnetic field

[1] The outer zone radiation belt consists of energetic electrons drifting in closed orbits encircling the Earth between \~3 and 7 RE. Electron fluxes in the outer belt show a strong correlation with solar and magnetospheric activity, generally increasing during geomagnetic storms with associated high solar wind speeds, and increasing in the presence of magnetospheric ULF waves in the Pc-5 frequency range. In this paper, we examine the influence of Pc-5 ULF waves on energetic electrons drifting in an asymmetric, compressed d ...

Elkington, Scot;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 03/2003

YEAR: 2003     DOI: 10.1029/2001JA009202

Radial Transport

2000

Radial diffusion analysis of outer radiation belt electrons during the October 9, 1990, magnetic storm

The response of outer radiation belt relativistic electrons to the October 9, 1990, magnetic storm is analyzed in detail using a radial diffusion model and data from the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) and the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) geosynchronous satellite 1989-046. Electron measurements are expressed in terms of phase space density as a function of the three adiabatic invariants determined from CRRES magnetic field data and the Tsyganenko 1989 Kp-dependent magnetic field model. The r ...

Brautigam, D.; Albert, J.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 01/2000

YEAR: 2000     DOI: 10.1029/1999JA900344

Radial Transport

1999

Acceleration of relativistic electrons via drift-resonant interaction with toroidal-mode Pc-5 ULF oscillations

There has been increasing evidence that Pc-5 ULF oscillations play a fundamental role in the dynamics of outer zone electrons. In this work we examine the adiabatic response of electrons to toroidal-mode Pc-5 field line resonances using a simplified magnetic field model. We find that electrons can be adiabatically accelerated through a drift-resonant interaction with the waves, and present expressions describing the resonance condition and half-width for resonant interaction. The presence of magnetospheric convection electri ...

Elkington, Scot; Hudson, M.; Chan, Anthony;

Published by: Geophysical Research Letters      Published on: 11/1999

YEAR: 1999     DOI: 10.1029/1999GL003659

Radial Transport

1988

Simultaneous Radial and Pitch Angle Diffusion in the Outer Electron Radiation Belt

A solution of the bimodal (radial and pitch angle) diffusion equation for the radiation belts is developed with special regard for the requirements of satellite radiation belt data analysis. In this paper, we use this solution to test the bimodal theory of outer electron belt diffusion by confronting it with satellite data. Satellite observations, usually over finite volumes of (L, t) space, are seldom sufficient in space-time duration to cover the relaxation to equilibrium of the entire radiation belt. Since time scales of ...

Chiu, Y.; Nightingale, R.; Rinaldi, M.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 04/1988

YEAR: 1988     DOI: 10.1029/JA093iA04p02619

Radial Transport

1981

The Dynamics of Energetic Electrons in the Earth\textquoterights Outer Radiation Belt During 1968 as Observed by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory\textquoterights Spectrometer on Ogo 5

An account is given of measurements of electrons made by the LLNL magnetic electron spectrometer (60\textendash3000 keV in seven differential energy channels) on the Ogo 5 satellite in the earth\textquoterights outer-belt regions during 1968 and early 1969. The data were analyzed to identify those features dominated by pitch angle and radial diffusion; in doing so all aspects of phase space covered by the data were studied, including pitch angle distributions and spectral features, as well as decay rates. The pitch angle dis ...

West, H.; Buck, R.; Davidson, G.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 04/1981

YEAR: 1981     DOI: 10.1029/JA086iA04p02111

Radial Transport

1979

Direct Evaluation of the Radial Diffusion Coefficient near L = 6 Due to Electric Field Fluctuations

The radial diffusion coefficient for radiation belt particles near L=6 has been calculated from the measured electric field fluctuations. Simultaneous balloon flights in August 1974 from six auroral zone sites ranging 180\textdegree in magnetic longitude produced the electric field data. The large scale slowly varying ionospheric electric fields from these flights have been mapped to the equator during the quiet magnetic conditions of this campaign. These mapped equatorial electric fields were then Fourier transformed in spa ...

Holzworth, R.; Mozer, F.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 06/1979

YEAR: 1979     DOI: 10.1029/JA084iA06p02559

Radial Transport

1973

ULF Geomagnetic Power near L = 4, 2. Temporal Variation of the Radial Diffusion Coefficient for Relativistic Electrons

Measurements at conjugate points on the ground near L = 4 of the power spectra of magnetic-field fluctuations in the frequency range 0.5 to 20 mHz are used as a means of estimating daily values for the relativistic-electron radial-diffusion coefficient DLL for two periods in December 1971 and January 1972. The values deduced for L-10 DLL show a strong variation with magnetic activity, as measured by the Fredricksburg magnetic index KFR. The radial-diffusion coefficient typically increases by a factor of \~10 for a unit incre ...

Lanzerotti, L.; Morgan, Caroline;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 08/1973

YEAR: 1973     DOI: 10.1029/JA078i022p04600

Radial Transport

1972

Inner-Zone Energetic-Electron Repopulation by Radial Diffusion

A quantitative study of the intrusion of natural electrons into the inner radiation zone during and after the geomagnetic storm of September 2, 1966, shows that the transport is consistent with a radial-diffusion mechanism in which the first two invariants are conserved. Except for the 3-day period of the storm main phase when data were missing, the radial-diffusion coefficient is D = 2.7 \texttimes 10-5 L7.9 μ-0.5 day-1 in the range 1.7 <= L <= 2.6 and 13.3 <= μ <= 27.4 Mev gauss-1. This value could be produced by variati ...

Tomassian, Albert; Farley, Thomas; Vampola, Alfred;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 07/1972

YEAR: 1972     DOI: 10.1029/JA077i019p03441

Radial Transport

1970

Radial Diffusion of Outer-Zone Electrons: An Empirical Approach to Third-Invariant Violation

The near-equatorial fluxes of outer-zone electrons (E>0.5 Mev and E>1.9 Mev) measured by an instrument on the satellite Explorer 15 following the geomagnetic storm of December 17\textendash18, 1962, are used to determine the electron radial diffusion coefficients and electron lifetimes as functions of L for selected values of the conserved first invariant \textmu. For each value of \textmu, the diffusion coefficient is assumed to be time-independent and representable in the form D = DnLn. The diffusion coefficients and lifet ...

Lanzerotti, L.; Maclennan, C.; Schulz, Michael;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 10/1970

YEAR: 1970     DOI: 10.1029/JA075i028p05351

Radial Transport

1969

Radial Diffusion of Starfish Electrons

A study of the change in electron intensities in the Starfish electron belt from January 1, 1963, to November 3, 1965, indicates that radial diffusion, both inward and outward from L of 1.40, was a significant loss mechanism for these electrons during this period. For L values of 1.20 and below, the indicated steepening of the pitch-angle distributions during this period has been interpreted as the result of a radial diffusion source for each L shell concentrated near the geomagnetic equator. Since pitch-angle diffusion life ...

Farley, Thomas;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 07/1969

YEAR: 1969     DOI: 10.1029/JA074i014p03591

Radial Transport

Convection Electric Fields and the Diffusion of Trapped Magnetospheric Radiation

We explore here the possible importance of time-dependent convection electric fields as an agent for diffusing trapped magnetospheric radiation inward toward the earth. By using a formalism (Birmingham, Northrop, and Fälthammar, 1967) based on first principles, and by adopting a simple model for the magnetosphere and its electric field, we succeed in deriving a one-dimensional diffusion equation to describe statistically the loss-free motion of mirroring particles with arbitrary but conserved values of the first two adiabat ...

Birmingham, Thomas;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 05/1969

YEAR: 1969     DOI: 10.1029/JA074i009p02169

Radial Transport

Diffusion of Equatorial Particles in the Outer Radiation Zone

Expansions and contractions of the permanently compressed magnetosphere lead to the diffusion of equatorially trapped particles across drift shells. A general technique for obtaining the electric fields induced by these expansions and contractions is described and applied to the Mead geomagnetic field model. The resulting electric drifts are calculated and are superimposed upon the gradient drift executed by a particle that conserves its first (μ) and second (J = 0) adiabatic invariants. The noon-midnight asymmetry of the u ...

Schulz, Michael; Eviatar, Aharon;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 05/1969

YEAR: 1969     DOI: 10.1029/JA074i009p02182

Radial Transport

Particle fluxes in the outer geomagnetic field

The outer geomagnetic field comprises the outer radiation belt, consisting of electrons with energies of 104\textendash107 ev, and the unstable radiation zone. The outer radiation belt is bounded on its inner side by a gap, which is at various times located at a distance of 2.2\textendash3.5 RE and in which a considerable precipitation of electrons from radiation belts occurs, possibly owing to a high intensity of electromagnetic waves. The boundary separating the outer radiation belt from the unstable radiation zone is at Î ...

Vernov, S.; Gorchakov, E.; Kuznetsov, S.; Logachev, Yu.; Sosnovets, E.; Stolpovsky, V.;

Published by: Reviews of Geophysics      Published on: 02/1969

YEAR: 1969     DOI: 10.1029/RG007i001p00257

Radial Transport

1968

Radial Diffusion Coefficient for Electrons at 1.76 < L < 5

Radial diffusion by nonconservation of the third adiabatic invariant of particle motion is assumed in analyzing experiments in which electrons appeared to move across field lines. Time-dependent solutions of the Fokker-Planck diffusion equation are obtained numerically and fitted to the experimental results by adjusting the diffusion coefficient. Values deduced for the diffusion coefficient vary from 1.3 \texttimes 10-5 RE\texttwosuperior/day at L = 1.76 to 0.10 RE\texttwosuperior/day at L = 5. In the interval 2.6 < L < 5, t ...

Newkirk, L.; Walt, M.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 12/1968

YEAR: 1968     DOI: 10.1029/JA073i023p07231

Radial Transport

Radial Diffusion Coefficient for Electrons at Low L Values

An empirical evaluation of the diffusion coefficient for trapped electrons diffusing across low L shells is obtained by adjusting the coefficient to account for the observed radial profile and the long-term decay rate of the trapped electron flux. The diffusion mechanism is not identified, but it is assumed that the adiabatic invariants \textmu and J are conserved. The average value of the coefficient for electrons > 1.6 Mev energy is found to decrease monotonically from \~4 \texttimes 10-6 RE\texttwosuperior/day at L = 1.16 ...

Newkirk, L.; Walt, M.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 02/1968

YEAR: 1968     DOI: 10.1029/JA073i003p01013

Radial Transport

1965

Effects of time-dependent electric fields on geomagnetically trapped radiation.

Large-scale electric potential fields in the magnetosphere are generally invoked in theories of the aurora. It is shown in the present article that irregular fluctuations of such fields cause a random radial motion of trapped energetic particles by violating the third adiabatic invariant. When the first and second invariants are conserved, any radial motion of the particles is associated with a corresponding energy change. Some particles move outward and others inward; but, if there is a source in the outer magnetosphere and ...

Falthammar, C.-G;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: 06/1965

YEAR: 1965     DOI: 10.1029/JZ070i011p02503

Radial Transport



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